Western Civilization Reformation Essays - Anti-Catholicism

Western Civilization Reformation Chris Walters 1April99 HIS121 Western Civilization REFORMATION During the Sixteenth century, a widespread Religious reformation took place in Western Europe. It was between the Catholics and the Protestants. A reformation is a 16th century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches. This particular Reformation separated the Christians of Western Europe into Protestants and Catholics. Some of the major Reformations of the Sixteenth century were the Catholic Reformation, the Genevan Reformation, German Reformation, English Reformation, and the Swiss Reformation, also known as the Zwinglian Reformation. They all shared some similar characteristics, while also having some different characteristics. During the Sixteenth century corruption was widespread throughout all of Western Europe. Clergy men, popes, and priests were all sinning alike. Greed, sex, abuse of power were just some of these abuses. The Reformations sought to eliminate these abuses. In each of these reformations, Royalty played a part in it. In the Catholic Reformation, taking place in Spain and Italy, Queen Isabel of Spain brought the church further under the crowns control than ever before. Her reason for Reformation was to raise the intellectual and moral standards of the church. In the German Reformation, Martin Luther was the leader, and he split the church into two groups the Catholic and Protestant. He had protested that some of the clergy were selling indulgences (temporal pardons of sins) without making clear that people must also be sincerely repentant for those sins. Hes most famous for his list of 95 indulgences that he nailed to the door of the catholic church. In Switzerland Zwinglian lead the Swiss Reformation. He broke Traditional standards. He said A church without the magistrate is mutilated and incomplete.Relics and images were abolished; all paintings and decorations were removed form the churches and replaced by white washed walls. He also had music removed from the sermon because he felt it was a distraction from the word of god. (Spielvogel 471) The English Reformation came about because of Henry VIIIs desire to divorce his wife, in search of one that could bear him a son. The Genevan reformation, (I dont get this part because its in Switzerland so isnt it the same thing then as the Swiss Reformation?)It was lead by John Calvin. Calvin enforced the ideals of purity, simplicity, and devout religious faith. All of these Reformations took power away form the churches and placed it under the crown. No ones power will be higher than that of the crown. All of these Reformations sought to eliminate corruption, sin, and any other wrong doings from the churches. The Catholic Reformation and the English Reformation fought to keep Catholicism, while the Swiss Reformation, the German reformation, and the Genevan reformation all fought for Protestantism. Each of these Reformations divided up their countries people. The Holy Roman Empire was the main fighting force against Protestantism. All these Reformations broke traditional standards around Western Europe. The true reform was not directed against an enemy; it was undertaken for God, Jesus Christ, as a protestation of unwavering loyalty.( Daniel-Rops 3) The idea was to change Mankind not Religion, but this proved to be impossible. Each Reformation was different because there were different driving forces behind them. The Genevan Reformation, led by Calvin, was ultimately driven by the government of Geneva, which wasnt a King or a Queen, but instead by a series of councils. The Catholic Reformation had Queen Isabel behind it in her hopes to strengthen the morals of her people. The Swiss Reformation was started by Zwinglian, in his hopes to remove all that which distracted from the pure word of God. The German Reformation was driven by Luther and later carried on by Charles V, who tried to unite his kingdom through religion but through a series of wars lost all hopes of religious unity. And the English Reformation was started because of King Henry VIIIs quest for a heir to his throne. Each of these Reformations had their differences and similarities, but ultimately shared one major concept; to eliminate all sin, the abuse of power and the selling of indulgences from the church and the pure word of God. History Essays

How are games related to socialization and gender roles

How are games related to socialization and gender roles Free Online Research Papers Question: Summarize the ways in which play and games are related to socialization to gender expectations, identities, and roles. Answer: Gender expectations can be seen in boys and girls in play and games. For instance, according to the textbook, â€Å"girls play in one-to-one relationships or small groups of twosomes and threesomes; their play is relatively cooperative, emphasizes turn taking, requires little competition, and has relatively few rules.† This affects how they will act as adults, as women generally are less competitive and generally put more emphasis on others rather than themselves. The textbook also reads â€Å"in feminine games like jump rope or hopscotch, the goal is skill rather than winning.† This could help explain why women in general are less concerned with winning, as relates to ambition in the business world, etc. According to the textbook â€Å"boys more often play in fairly large groups, characterized by more fighting and attempts to effect a hierarchical pecking order.† This explains why men tend to be so competitive, and need to establish a leader or order of leadership in other areas of life. Failure to conform to these expectations in children often leaves them in ridicule by their classmates, which is very undesirable. So deviation from these roles is minimal. The textbook reads â€Å"From preschool through adolescence, children who play according to traditional gender roles are more popular with their peers; this is more true for boys.† Popularity is very desirable and thus is a driving factor to keep children within their gender role in play and games. Another interesting point brought up by the textbook is that during adolescence and for some males into adulthood â€Å"males are expected to put the guys first in their priorities. Peer status for adolescent girls , in contrast, more often rests on being popular with boys.† This shows signs at a very early age of the domination of males in our society. Whereas males can be socially accepted without females, females require male attention and or acceptance to be socially accepted. These differences in childhood games and social acceptance teach boys and girls to act differently than the opposite gender. Whether good or bad, as the textbook reads, â€Å"the process is reinforced in schools.† The word â€Å"reinforced† indicates that the process begins somewhere besides school, most likely at home with parental influence. This influence on children is something that cannot be avoided by them, and is just an accepted part of a society that differentiates between the roles of men and women. Research Papers on How are games related to socialization and gender rolesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized TestingOpen Architechture a white paper

Family Delphinidae

Family Delphinidae Delphinidae is the family of animals commonly known as the dolphins. This is the largest family of cetaceans.Members of this family are commonly called dolphins or delphinids. The Family Delphinidae includes such recognizable species as the bottlenose dolphin, the killer whale (orca), the  Atlantic white-sided dolphin,  Pacific white-sided dolphin, spinner dolphin,  common dolphin, and pilot whales. Dolphins are vertebrates and marine mammals. Origin of the Word Delphinidae The word Delphinidae comes from the Latin word delphinus, meaning dolphin. Delphinidae Species Cetaceans in the Family Delphinidae are  Odontocetes or  toothed whales. There are  38 species  in this family.   Characteristics of Delphinidae The Delphinidae are generally fast, streamlined animals with a pronounced beak, or rostrum.   Dolphins have cone-shaped teeth, an important characteristic that distinguishes them from porpoises. They have one blowhole, which distinguishes them from baleen whales, which have a pair of blowholes.   Dolphins also use echolocation to find their prey. They have an organ in their head called a melon which they use to focus clicking sounds which they produce. The sounds bounce off objects around them, including prey. In addition to its use in finding prey, delphinids also use echolocation to communicate with other dolphins and to navigate. How Big Are Dolphins? According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, the Delphinidae can range in size from about 4 or 5 feet (e.g., Hectors dolphin and the spinner dolphin) to about 30 feet in length (the killer whale, or orca). Where Do Dolphins Live? Delphinids live in a wide range of habitats, from coastal to pelagic areas.   Dolphins in Captivity Dolphins, especially bottlenose dolphins, are kept in captivity in aquaria and marine parks. They are also kept in some facilities for research. Some of these animals are once-wild animals that came into a rehabilitation center and were unable to be released. The first marine park in the U.S. was  Marine Studios, now known as Marineland. This park began exhibiting bottlenose dolphins in the 1930s. Since dolphins were first displayed in aquaria, the practice has become more controversial, with activists and animal welfare advocates especially concerned about the stress levels and health of captive cetaceans, especially orcas. Dolphin Conservation Dolphins are also sometimes the victims of drive hunts, which have grown more widely known and controversial. In these hunts, dolphins are killed for their meat and to be sent to aquariums and marine parks. Even before that, people advocated for the protection of dolphins, who were dying by the thousands in nets used to catch tuna. This led to the development and marketing of dolphin-safe tuna. In the U.S., all dolphins are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act.   References and Further Information Committee on Taxonomy. 2014. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Accessed October 31, 2015.Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B., and J.G.M. Thewissen, editors. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.

IT Hilton Case Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Hilton Case - Coursework Example Good brands foster customer loyalty and loyal customers are more willing to increase their frequency of purchase or number of purchases in addition to becoming marketers for the hotel through word of mouth. Brand is therefore an important asset to any company. 2. Evaluate the performance of the Customers Really Matter initiative to date. Calculate an ROI for the project as: (Total number of calls * increase conversion ratio * net revenue per call) / OnQ CRM investment. Support this analysis with qualitative rationale. Note the difference between OnQ (the entire infrastructure for running Hilton that cost $100m) and the OnQ CRM which is the focus here. From the chart above that has been derived from the ROI equation it is evident that the Customers Really Matter initiative has been having an increased positive impact to Hilton. The positive slope manifests an increasing return on investment. From the chart we can conclude that Hilton’s managers have been effectively using the i nvestment in OnQ CRM to produce more income. Another way of looking at this chart is that the numerator has been increasing more rapidly than the denominator. This implies that many calls were closed (as shown by conversion ratio increases), Hilton’s efficiency increased (as shown by net revenue per call increases) and increase in customers/potential customers (as shown by increase in total number of calls). In summary it means that Hilton is improving its ability to extract value from its investment in the OnQ CRM system. 3. What do you think Hilton leadership should do after the Blackstone acquisition? Should they further invest in CRM or simply maintain the status quo? What aspects of Hilton’s CRM should be strengthened, if any, and how? Hilton leadership should focus their efforts on using the resources obtained from the Blackstone acquisition to tackle their threats and weaknesses. For starters Hilton is aware that consistency and delivery in service is heavily de pendent on their front-end staff. Secondly, with the CRM Hilton is slowly losing the chance to interact with its customers i.e. human touch is slowly being replaced by IT systems. Hilton is in the hospitality industry and in as much as IT systems may be effective; they lack the capacity to create personal relationships with customers. Furthermore, too much investment in the CRM would create too much reliance on it, which implies that it could be a single point of failure. This only increases the risk associated with using the CRM. From the points raised above we believe that Hilton would be better off in maintaining the status quo than in over-investing on the CRM. The funds obtained from Blackstone could instead be used to improve the group’s management system, front-end staff skills acquisition and to support the expansion drive towards increasing its hotels to increase its market share. From Exhibit 1 (Applegate, Piccoli, and Dev 7) we can see that Hilton is the fifth la rgest hotel group. Blackstone’s funds should be used to continue the aggressive expansion program. 4. Briefly evaluate the potential value of CRM for one of the firm’s a team member works for. How significant could CRM be to the firm? Does CRM raise any potential customer data privacy concerns in this example? Dell is a leading PC manufacturer in the world and as such requires the services of a robust CRM that can handle over three

Argument essay on achievement gap Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument on achievement gap - Essay Example The issue needs to be resolved because despite of many efforts, an analysis of the different states in 2011 revealed that there were still five states in America where this achievement gap had increased since 2003. This analysis explained that an effective policy for overcoming this issue is needed in the country (Johnson 11; Lynch). The achievement gap is a matter of concern as it affects a large number of American students and this issue needs to be addressed with strong and effective strategies for the improvement of the educational system of the country. The achievement gap has been observed not only in primary and secondary schools but it has also been seen in children during their kindergarten years. A further analysis of achievement gap in minority groups has revealed that this gap is known to exist in schools even if the economic status of the all the students is the same. This means that each cause of an achievement gap is independent and it is not essential that students co ming from good economic backgrounds would be saved from this issue (Williams 26,27). According to an analysis done by the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2007, it was seen that white students were better achievers in reading and math tests which were conducted in the fourth and eighth grade (Lynch). Thus, these surveys and reports indicate that the achievement gap is a grave issue and needs a thorough assessment. This is because considering the statistics of the immigrants in the country; it can be judged that this gap would rise if it is not tackled. This can be assessed as statistics reveal that from the year 2000 till the year 2050, the number of whites would reduce in the United States to 49 percent from 68 percent and the Latinos would form 40 percent of the America population. In a similar trend, the African Americans would rise by 1 percent whereas the Asian population would surge by four percent (Haller). The optimal way to overcome this achievement gap in the country is the formulation of effective instructions and interventions for the students. The achievement gap reduction can be achieved by providing improvement at three levels. These include classroom interventions, targeted interventions and intensive interventions. The most important of these is the classroom intervention where eighty percent of the students of the class learn. The students should be encouraged to learn and study and should be motivated to avoid failing in class. With this, the other interventions should also run side by side for students who are in need of them. For example targeted interventions should be carried out for approximately fifteen percent of the students who have failed to achieve good grades due to their socioeconomic status or due to having difficulties in learning English and reading. Intensive interventions should be saved for students who are not motivated despite of classroom and targeted interventions and do not seem to be interested towards the improvement of their education. These students should be handled individually by a team of instructors and psychologists. This three level process is the most optimal way to overcome the achievement gap in the country (Johnson 12,13). The program focusing upon interventions has not been practiced in the United Sta

King Arthur Essay Example for Free

King Arthur Essay While significant attention is given to the potential historical origins of King Arthur, the Arthur who lingers in pop consciousness is the product of the romantic imaginings of literature and poetry. It is frequently asserted that he is a product of a medieval zeitgeist, which needed a heroic figure to represent the values of its culture. Arthur is a rather complex hero in the wake of the Greek heroes that preceded him, a medieval modern who stands in stark contrast to his classically antiquated predecessors. The tales identify Arthur as the bastard child of the lady Igraine. Merlin used his skills to help Uther Pendragon come to her under the guise of Igraine’s husband the Duke of Cornwall, and Arthur was the fruit of that adulterous union. Merlin takes Arthur and raises him, and when he reached manhood he becomes King of Britain. Arthur’s ascension is detailed as having begun with an embrace with his destiny by obtaining the sword Excalibur. Depending on how the tale is told, he either obtains it by pulling it from a stone or anvil, or it is given to him by the Lady of the Lake. Either way, this dramatically proves his worth despite numerous challengers to the throne. As King, Arthur takes a wife and assembles a gallery of knights who convene around a round table and go on quests in search of the legendary Holy Grail, as well as unifying the various geographical and political factions of Britain as one kingdom, governed under the utopia capital of Camelot. However, despite his desire for peace and prosperity for Britain, the foibles and flaws of his peers continue to disappoint him. Eventually he faces his own mortality, when he is challenged by his own son Mordred for the right to rule, despite his desire for a peaceable settlement. Mordred is defeated but Arthur is fatally wounded and dies. Arthur exemplifies a hero who struggles with duality. Despite the mythic stature accorded to him, his ability to command respect, his strength of courage and his fair-minded sense of justice makes him an exemplar of pure Christianity: liberal in disposition and democratic in temperament, but he is also rather arrogant and inflexible. His crusades also place him in a position in which he frequently neglects his responsibilities as a leader, despite having fought for the right to rule among petty bickering would-be monarchs. The Queen he romanced is left neglected during his adventures, and she betrays him through adultery. His cunning and courage is remarkable, but is witness only abroad never to be put to good use within the kingdom. The Greek heroes are significantly darker, which sets them apart from the rather romantic and idealist tone of Arthur’s mythical self-journey. Consider for example, Achilles: Like Arthur, he was born of an arranged union. Zeus was afraid of a prophecy which told that a child of Thetis would overthrow him, and thus provided for her to conceive with a half-mortal child. Whereas Arthur’s parentage was largely a design of Merlin’s to obtain a new protà ©gà © to raise, while Achilles’ parentage was a political one, insofar as the machinations of gods can be political. Additionally, Achilles’ alienation from humanity is more pronounced, because he is literally ‘less than human’ in his partial divinity, though this divinity makes him cruel rather than virtuous, a far cry from Arthur. The superhuman Beowulf is also comparable to Arthur. While he is able to defeat monstrous opponents in single combat, he parallels Arthur as a monarch whose grim demeanor softens as he ages, and concludes his life with a confrontation with his own mortality. He emerges victorious but fatally wounded, ready to embrace death with the same kind of acceptance that Arthur does.

Essay --

Introduction A lot of NCAA division 1 athletes come from poor backgrounds. In fact over 85 percent of college athletes live below the poverty line. Playing a sport in college is appealing to underprivileged athletes because it provides them with the opportunity to receive a scholarship for an education that they otherwise would not have be able to afford (Hayes). However, although they are getting a scholarship, it is very hard for many of these athletes to afford things other than the necessities that are provided to them by their school (Hartnett). One solution is to get a job. Though, finding time for a job between class, practice, studying, traveling and competing can prove to be very difficult. Another option for athletes is to earn money by using their image and athletic ability for profit. However, the NCAA has rules that control many financial actions of student athletes and strictly prohibit them using their image and athleticism for money(NCAA). They justify this control by arguing th at these rules protect the idea of amateurism. Amateurism is when an activity is done as a hobby and not a profession. The National College Athletic Association â€Å"NCAA† believes that amateurism in college athletics is beneficial and thinks that student athletes should not receive any type of payment for being a college athlete (National Collegiate). Ever since its inception, the NCAA has enforced rules that protect amateurism (Treadway). Currently, these rules are causing a lot of controversy. Some people believe that the NCAA is limiting the actions of players so much that it is illegal. Others believe that NCAA rules are just and necessary for maintaining the best academic environment for student athletes. Ed O’Bannon experienced what ... ...ht up in the case and convince jurors to decide in their favor (Differences). Once the jurors have seen the evidence and heard the arguments they will deliberate. This is when they come together and discuss the trial. They then must decide whether to find for the defendant or plaintiff (American). If the losing side believes that the case was not conducted correctly they have the right to appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals (Federal). The O'Bannon lawsuit is a civil case in United States District Court in the Northern District of California. So far, the case is still in the pretrial stage. Judge Claudia Wilken, the District Court judge for the Northern District of California, certified this case as a class action suit after a motion from O’Bannon (McCann). This allows more than one plaintiff to sue the same plaintiff (Roos). The hearing is scheduled for July 2014.

Paramedic Professionals Essay

Although paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers, they are not classified as health care professionals, therefore, working independently from these organisations and autonomously within their own state ambulance organisations. Through exploring the evolution of paramedic practice and their role as a health care provider, the current status of paramedics as a semi profession is explained along with what further development is needed before they become a recognised profession. In understanding how paramedics work autonomously within their own state based organisations, the concept of scope of practice and evidence based practice is explored. Finally by discussing how paramedics are independent, we establish paramedics’ role and position within the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a health care professional At present in Australia, paramedics are not classified as registered health care professionals. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are widely regarded as semi-professionals with the potential to become a fully recognised profession in the near future. The definition of profession and the guidelines to become a recognised profession are not black and white. Professions Australia defined a profession as ‘a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards and who possess special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) describes 4 key elements that are essential for the process of professionalization. These include; the implementation of a unified code of ethics and regulations, attaining professional licencing, registration and accreditation, the establishment of university study and education and the development of full-time occupation and formation of occupational territory. Over the past 20 years the roles of paramedics have changed rapidly, with changes still occurring at the present. Paramedics have transitioned from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as ambulance officers, to todays’ paramedics who are full time workers and are able to administer extensive pre hospital care. Along with the changes to the nature of the paramedics’ job, there has also been a significant change in the way paramedics are trained. ‘Training for paramedics has transitioned from on the job training provided by State and Territory Ambulance Services to vocational qualifications and more recently, higher education (University) sector qualifications. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These changes to higher education training and full time employment, has allowed for paramedics to move one step closer in becoming a recognised profession. A review of common professional traits suggests two main areas where the discipline falls short and it is that paramedics do not have ‘national registration and regulation resulting in professional self-control and accreditation’ and they do not nationwide qualifications that link from tertiary education to the paramedic services (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, registration in the context of health care professionals, is the process of licensing and registering clinicians to practice at a uniform national standard of care. Productivity Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration allows for consistency in education and training nationwide, and ensures paramedics work within the provisions of their scope of practice. (Council of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national university standard degree competencies or a national curriculum in relation to paramedic training. This leads to an inconsistency between the curricula taugh t to paramedic students. This is further aggravated by ambulance services as they work independently from the Australian Health care System and of the universities as well. Williams, Brown, Osman 2012) In conclusion, without the implementation of nationwide registration, licensing and education qualifications, paramedics will continue to be recognized as a semi-profession. Operating autonomously Paramedics are allied health care providers who are operating autonomously at a state level within their own ambulance services. The United States National Library of Medicine defines autonomy as the ‘decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with one’s professional knowledge base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic profession this knowledge base is known as a scope of practice. Within each state based paramedic organisation, there is legislation and guidelines that outline the scope of which a certain qualified paramedic can work in. Scope of practice refers to ‘the ext ent to which providers may render Health care services and the extent they may do so independently and the type of diseases, ailments, and injuries a health care provider may address and what procedures and medication they can provide. ’ (Prats ;amp; Katz 2012: 13) For example, in Queensland, whilst out on road paramedics have the freedom to make their own decisions and judgments based on their knowledge, as long as it is legal in the legislation of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and within the scope of practice of the paramedics qualifications. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics gain further knowledge and undergo more training, the scope of practice of this paramedic will increase. The larger the scope of practice, the more autonomously the paramedic is able to operate. Currently in Queensland there has been an increased awareness of poorer patient outcomes and difficulties in accessing medical help in rural and remote areas. (Horizon 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an attempt to increase positive patient outcomes, expanded scope roles have been introduced into the Australian Health Care System, allowing certain paramedics to apply skills and protocols for which they were not originally trained. (Sterling, Pedler, Walker 2007) This increases the paramedics’ autonomy within their field which allows them to work for better patient outcomes. Paramedics are also highly autonomous as they frequently use evidence based practice as a means of new research and technique. In the pre hospital care environment, ‘rather than making decisions about practice actions based on routine and traditionally taught methods, paramedics use evidence identified from well-constructed studies as a basis for the clinical decisions and behaviours. ’ (Curtis ;amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice occurs through ‘integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (Sackett ;amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can only occur when an individual is given autonomy within their field of work. In conclusion, as paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, paramedics are autonomous within a state level. Operating independently within The Australian Health Care System Although paramedics work alon g-side the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are independent of this system. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 defines independent as being ‘not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. Paramedics are governed by their own state based organisations and are separate and independent of the hospitals and the Australian Health Care System. When dealing with any misconduct or inquiries, unlike nurses and doctors whose governing power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based organisation. In conclusion, even though the paramedics work in conjunction with other health care providers both in and out of the hospital setting, paramedics governance is independent of other health care services and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009) Conclusion: In conclusion paramedics are autonomous and independent health care providers who work along-side the Australian Health Care system. Alth ough paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers in both the in and out of hospital care environment, they are not classified as health care professionals. But with the implementation of nationwide curricula and ethical standards, paramedics can move from a semi profession to fully recognised profession. Paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, making paramedics autonomous within a state level. Through the broadening of paramedics’ scope of practice in certain environment such as rural areas and through the use of evidence based practice we see efforts to increase positive patient outcomes. Finally, paramedics are independent from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-governed by their own state based organisations.

Notes Apush Chapter 16 a People and a Nation

Chapter 16 – Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 I. Introduction The end of the Civil War brought profound changes to the United States. Reconstruction changed some things, but it did little regarding social equality and political turmoil. In the end, the government established black suffrage, but this reform proved insufficient to remake the South or to guarantee human rights. II. Wartime Reconstruction A. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan Lincoln planned for a swift and moderate Reconstruction process.Under his 10 Percent Plan, he proposed that as soon as 10 percent of the voting population in the 1860 election took an oath and established a government, it would be recognized. Replaced majority with loyal rule, promised pardons to ex-confeds B. Congress and the Wade-Davis Bill Congress was not happy Lincoln didn’t consult them. Responding negatively to Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, Thaddeus Stevens advocated a â€Å"conquered province† th eory, the South waged war as a foreign nation, thus, they should be treated like one, and Charles Sumner advanced a â€Å"state suicide† theory.In July 1864, Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill by which the process of readmission to the Union was to be harsh and slow. Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill. Wade-David Bill- To reenter the Union 1. A majority of white males had to participate in government 2. To vote or be a delegate in Constitutional conventions they had to take an ironclad (oath saying they never supported the confederacy) 3. All ranks above Lieutenant couldn’t become citizens of the United States C. Thirteenth Amendment and the Freedmen’s Bureau Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865.On March 3, 1865, Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to aid southern refugees- provided food, medical services, schooling, and jobs for refugees. Petitions were started by women and the public, the amendment outlaw ed involuntary slavery and said the govn’t couldn’t change it The landscape was in ruins along with the economy, many families faced starvation III. The Meanings of Freedom A. The Feel of Freedom Many former slaves began to explore freedom by searching for family members or exercising their right of mobility. Others reacted more cautiously.Most settled as workers on their former farms or plantation but attempted to control the conditions of their labor. B. Reunion of African American Families Relying on the black community in the South, thousands of former slaves began odysseys to find family members. Ads were put in the papers. C. Blacks’ Search for Independence Many blacks tried to avoid contact with overbearing whites by abandoning their slave quarters and relocating their houses. Some even established all-black settlements. They wanted the sense of freedom D. African Americans’ Desire for LandNext to freedom, blacks wanted land most of all. Since they could not secure solid support in the North, however, few obtained their dream of independence. Blacks were given land but President Johnson took it away and gave it back to the Whites. They wanted a secure promise the land would still be theirs after they cultivated it E. The Black Embrace of Education Many African Americans eagerly sought an education. They paid $1-1. 50 a month for education if needed. They really wanted to learn. Federal aid and northern charity helped start thousands of schools for freedmen in the South.Many black leaders were very well educated; they established many universities and colleges alongside the whites. F. Growth of Black Churches In an effort to gain more independence from whites, African Americans established their own churches, which became the social center of their new freedom. Black establishments used to be hidden; now they could freely worship. The church was the wealthiest institution in Black life. G. Rise of the Sharecropping System Blac ks could not get credit, and sharecropping became widespread.Sharecropping was where the landowner would receive payment by the crop grown on their land, usually half would be given to them and the other half would be for the black farmer. Owners often cheated their tenants. The main crop was cotton which lost its value IV. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan A. Who Was Andrew Johnson? Johnson was the only senator from a seceded state (Tennessee) who refused to follow his state out of the Union. At heart he was really a Jacksonian Democrat, not a Republican. He believed in limited government and was a white supremacist. As a senator he favored the small farmers over the aristocrats. B.Johnson’s Leniency and Racial Views Johnson’s belief that black suffrage could never be imposed on a southern state by the federal government put him on a collision course with the Radical Republicans. C. Johnson’s Pardon Policy Johnson hoped to keep prewar leaders from participat ing in the Reconstructed South. Nevertheless, he ended up pardoning most of them and thus restored the old elite. People had to apply directly to Johnson for pardoning. He appointed his own governors to keep the old ones out of power. Only southerners who took the oath of loyalty could vote for or against reconstruction so there was little opposition in the votes.Unpardoned men and former slave couldn’t vote. Many former elites were returned into power, even the VP of the confederacy D. Black Codes Johnson’s pardons upset many Republicans, but the discriminatory black codes revealed the depth of southern defiance. Blacks had to abide by the rules of their landowners, almost returning them to their slave status. V. The Congressional Reconstruction Plan Congress had the power of admission of states. They believed they had the right to change and alter the reconstruction plans. What was the relationship between the South and Union now that the war happened?Conservatives b elieved that the South was conquered and it was subject to the rule of the conquering country. A. The Radicals The Radicals wanted to transform the South, and they were willing to exclude it from the Union until they had achieved their goal. By refusing to work with conservative and moderate Republicans, Johnson and the Democrats forced them to work with the Radicals. B. Congress Wrests Control from Johnson Congress worked to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau and to pass a civil rights law counteracting the black codes. Johnson vetoed these bills, ending hopes of compromise.This showed Johnson’s own racism against colored people C. The Fourteenth Amendment This amendment gave citizenship to freedmen, prohibited states from interfering with constitutional rights, declared the Confederate war debt null and void, barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office, and punished any state that restricted extension of the right to vote to black men. This was a major move in African American rights. It excluded women altogether in the right to vote and gained much protest from women’s rights groups. D. The South’s and Johnson’s Defiance, 1866At the urging of President Johnson, all southern states except Tennessee rejected the Fourteenth Amendment. Having won overwhelmingly in the 1866 congressional elections, Republicans decided to form new southern state governments. Johnson personally went and spoke about how Radicals were traitors for taking over reconstruction E. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867-1868 Congress set up five military districts in the South, guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions, required congressional approval of all new state constitutions, and declared that southern states must accept the Fourteenth Amendment.First Reconstruction Act admitted all states back into the Union. F. The Failure of Land Redistribution Thaddeus Stevens (radical) failed to win appro val for his plan to confiscate and redistribute land in the former Confederate states. G. Constitutional Crisis Congress passed a number of controversial laws, including the Tenure of Office Act (gave the senate the power to approve changes in the president’s cabinet), by overriding presidential vetoes. Johnson proceeded to take several belligerent steps, including removal of Secretary of War Stanton and giving power to civil governments and the military.These all got vetoed by Johnson then overridden by a 2/3 vote in congress.. Congressional tyranny? H. Impeachment of President Johnson After Johnson removed Secretary of War Stanton, Congress impeached the president. This had been tried twice before. Although acquitted in the Senate, Johnson suffered politically. I. Election of 1868 Grant, a supporter of congressional Reconstruction and of black suffrage in the South, won the 1868 presidential election against Horatio Seymour. Republicans supported congressional reconstructio n and black suffrage in the South where Democrats supported white supremacy and denounced reconstruction J.Fifteenth Amendment In 1869, Radicals succeeded in passing the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited denying the right to vote based on â€Å"race, color, or previous condition of servitude. † Voting rights of women could still be denied and other tests could be enacted to deny voting to other groups. With this many saw reconstruction as finished. VI. Reconstruction Politics in the South A. White Resistance Whites in the South resisted Reconstruction. Some denied freedom to their slaves, while others prevented blacks from getting land. B.Black Voters and Emergence of a Southern Republican Party Thanks to a large black voter turnout and restrictions on prominent Confederates, a new southern Republican Party controlled the state constitutional conventions of 1868-1870. C. Triumph of Republican Governments Republican victory in the South meant that for the first time black citizens gained political office. Southern Republicans worked to build white support for the party. D. Industrialization Republican governments tried to industrialize the South, but higher taxes for that purpose drew money away from education and other reforms.E. Republican Policies on Racial Equality Economic progress remained uppermost in the minds of most southern blacks. They accepted segregated facilities in return for other opportunities. F. The Myth of â€Å"Negro Rule† Southern Conservatives used economic and social pressure on blacks as well as inflammatory racist propaganda to undermine congressional Reconstruction. G. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags In their propaganda, Conservatives labeled northerners seeking economic opportunity as â€Å"carpetbaggers† and white southerners who supported the Republicans as â€Å"scalawags. H. Tax Policy and Corruption as Political Wedges Although an increase in taxes was necessary just to maintain traditional services, Repub lican tax policies aroused strong opposition. The corruption with which Republicans were charged was often true. I. Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan terrorized black leaders in an effort to curb their support for the Republicans. J. Failure of Reconstruction A number of things brought about the collapse of the Republican regimes, forcing them out of office before they instituted social and economic reforms. VII.Reconstruction Reversed A. Political Implications of Klan Terrorism Congress passed two Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 in an effort to counteract Klan violence. The laws were enforced selectively. Congressional opponents of these laws charged that Congress was infringing on states’ rights. B. The Liberal Republican Revolt Although Grant won reelection in 1872, the revolt of the Liberal Republicans in conjunction with opposition from the Democrats reinforced Grant’s desire to avoid confrontation with white southerners. C. A General AmnestyIn 1872, Congress offere d amnesty to most remaining former Confederates, and in 1875 it offered a watered-down Civil Rights Act that the Supreme Court eventually struck down. D. Reconciliation and Industrial Expansion Both industrialization and immigration surged in the years immediately after the Civil War. Then came the Panic of 1873. E. Greenbacks Versus Sound Money Many Americans wanted to keep â€Å"greenbacks† in circulation, but Grant, along with many Congressmen, industrialists, and financiers, supported sound money. F. Judicial Retreat from ReconstructionSupreme Court decisions, by narrowing the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment and by denying equal rights, encouraged the northern retreat from Reconstruction. G. Disputed Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 The disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden resulted in the Compromise of 1877, effectively ending Reconstruction in the South. H. Betrayal of Black Rights and the Exodusters Tens of thousands of southern African Americans felt betrayed by the election of 1876 and decided to leave the South where they could no longer hope for equal rights.

Descartes Essays (1492 words) - Ren Descartes, Free Essays

Descartes Essays (1492 words) - Ren Descartes, Free Essays Descartes Descartes Meditations Descartes Cogito Ergo Sum (I am, I exist) argument is a complex one. In many ways, he constructs a convincing argument for the existence of the self, and for the process of the thinking being, the essence of that self. In this meditation on his philosophy, Descartes on numerous attempts tries to convince both the readers, as well as himself, of his theory that we must reject all of our present ideas and beliefs and start from nothing. He believes that the only thing that has any certainty at this point is his own existence as a thinking being. Everything else, which he has learned throughout his entire life and believed in, is to be thrown out because it is not known clearly and distinctly. Descartes method and theory on knowledge was well planned and carefully thought out. It is evident that he spent a great deal of time determining the principles that he would use as determinants for judging whether a specific idea was justified and true. In my opinion, there are some flaws contained in Descartes argument. Among these flaws are Descartes apparent determination to prove his theory on his individual existence in the world and the existence of G-d to backup and prove himself and his theories. At the beginning of meditation two, Descartes is stuck in the middle of nothingness. He has nothing, nothing to believe in and everything around him he regards as false. This is because he cannot believe what he has learned and he is also unable to trust his senses due to the fact that they deceive him. He feels like he is drowning in a whirlpool and cannot reach the top and get out nor can he put his feet on the bottom and stand. Everything in the world at this point he has called into doubt, including himself. Everything that he has ever seen, learned or thought is now external from what he deems to be true and he is beginning his knowledge from non-existence. Descartes although is certain of one thing, nothing (but to be certain of nothing is still to be certain of something?). Descartes is a rational thinker and he rationalizes through his studies that nothing in the world is known. He decided to re-start his belief process and call everything he has ever believed in, into doubt. He is debating complex ideas in his head, changing his mind and objectively making decisions, so his existence in a world has to be a certainty. The fact that he is having these thoughts, whether right or wrong proves mental capacity. Descartes then states with certainty Cogito ergo sum (I am, I exist). This is the first accurate idea that Descartes knows with any conviction, he knows that he is a thinking being. Descartes still does not know what he is, he says but what then am I? A thing that thinks. What is that? A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. He is aware of his mental capacity and knows he thinks, deliberates and makes decisions, but he still rejects his body and his senses. O ne major flaw found in Descartes argument is that while critically examining, and then rejecting, mostly everything in the world around him, he maintained that he could prove the existence of G-d, beyond a shadow of a doubt. For thousands of years, people have been trying to prove G-ds existence but he has yet to be successful. It seems to me that Descartes showed a display of arrogance in supposing that he could devise a method of proving the existence of G-d, doing so without a great deal of difficulty. At one point in his discourse on method, Descartes sets out a code of morals, which he plans to abide by. Descartes states that he plans to obey the laws and the customs of my country, constantly holding on to the religion in which, by G-ds grace, I had been instructed from my childhood . It is quite apparent from this passage, that Descartes had accepted and embraced the idea of G-d long before he even began to question it. With this pre-judgement of

After Decades in Institutions, a Bumpy Journey to a New Life by Rachel Article

After Decades in Institutions, a Bumpy Journey to a New Life by Rachel L. Swarns The paper "After Decades in Institutions, a Bumpy Journey to a New Life by Rachel L. Swarns" is an exceptional example of an educational article review. In my mind, Rachel L. Swarns provides a great picture of both the positives and negatives of moving terminally ill patients from state hospitals back into society. While I understand the reason behind it, many older people have lived all their lives in specialized care homes, so they have no knowledge of the outside world. The people that should be moved out of state care could be younger people, say under the age of 30. Patients of this age are more likely to be able to integrate into society because they have more time to do so and have probably only been institutionalized for a few short years. This is not the same case with elder patients, such as Wally Burns, who is 51-years-old. Mr. Burns is at a stage in his life where he will not be able to reintegrate back into the community because he will not know how to handle it. One of the reasons for this is that life is very different from the 60s when Mr. Burns was a young boy. While I can understand why some states are implementing these measures, I feel that the process should be much slower so that time can be taken to help older patients find themselves in society. Patients like Wally Burns require a high level of care, a level of care that may not be met where Mr. Burns will end up.

How music affect the brain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How music affect the brain - Research Paper Example The pitch and rhythm of music are primarily the functions of left brain hemisphere, whereas melody and timbre are mostly processed in the right hemisphere of the brain. The processing of meter takes place in both hemispheres of brain. The spatial-temporal tasks are located in the very brain areas which are stimulated by music. Such spatial-temporal tasks include spatial reasoning required to build structures, and physical objects’ 2-D and 3-D manipulation. Music stimulates the brain areas that are related to spatial reasoning. While this effect usually is only 15 minutes long after the end of music (â€Å"How Music Affects†). The spatial reasoning of an individual is markedly increased while listening to music. Brain’s response to music Music constitutes fragile timing violations. Experience suggests the listeners that music is not threatening. The frontal lobes ultimately identify these violations as a source of pleasure. As a result of this expectation, anticip ation is developed that when met, helps develop the reward reaction. A fundamental characteristic feature of music that differentiates it from other stimuli is its ability to conjure up feelings and images which might not necessarily reflect in the memory directly. A certain kind of mystery still remains in the overall phenomena; the factors explaining the thrill of listening to music are integrally linked with synesthesia based theories. The brain of a new born baby has not differentiated its structure into components meant for the identification and appreciation of various senses. It takes time for the brain to develop this differentiation. As the theory suggests, babies perceive the world as â€Å"a large, pulsing combination of colors and sounds and feelings, all melded into one... The "How music affects the brain" essay outlines how the brain understands and processes it. Music constitutes fragile timing violations. Experience suggests the listeners that music is not threatening. The frontal lobes ultimately identify these violations as a source of pleasure. As a result of this expectation, anticipation is developed that when met, helps develop the reward reaction. A fundamental characteristic feature of music that differentiates it from other stimuli is its ability to conjure up feelings and images which might not necessarily reflect in the memory directly. A certain kind of mystery still remains in the overall phenomena; the factors explaining the thrill of listening to music are integrally linked with synesthesia based theories. The brain of a new born baby has not differentiated its structure into components meant for the identification and appreciation of various senses. It takes time for the brain to develop this differentiation. As the theory suggests, babies perceive the world as â€Å"a large, pulsing combination of colors and sounds and feelings, all melded into one experience – ultimate synesthesia† (Mohana). Different areas of the brain become specialized in the different senses with the development of brain over the passage of time. â€Å"After a year of training, the kids who have been in the music training are better able to synchronize to the beat and to remember the beat† (Kraus cited in Wise). Music improves intelligence, learning, cognition, and motor skills.