Essay on Medicinal Marijuana - 2192 Words

Medicinal Marijuana Joycelyn Elders, former Surgeon General, once spoke about the legalization of marijuana for medical use in a press conference. Its criminal to keep this medicine from patients, she said (Silverman, 1995, pg. 2). She received criticism not only from many citizens of the United States, but also strong criticism from the President who appointed her. The legalization of marijuana for medical use has always been a sharply debated subject, and many of the debaters are uneducated about the effects of using this illegal drug for therapeutic use. Many studies have been done and the results are clear. As a medical drug, marijuana should be available to patients who do not adequately respond to currently available†¦show more content†¦It is very disturbing to realize that Giovanni Polli (1812-1880), was more compassionate 130 years ago than many government authorities today (Kassirer, 1997, pg. 1185). The debates began and in 1975, the FDA established the Compassionate Use program for medical marijuana (Silverman, 1995). Marijuana is a DEA Schedule I in all forms (hash, hash oil, and cannabis) except for synthetic THC, which is schedule III. Schedule I is federally defined as drugs which have a high potential for abuse, have no currently accepted medical use in treatment, and have a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision. This federal law was disputed in 1988 by Judge Francis Young, an administrative law judge for the DEA, who recommended that marijuana be reclassified as schedule II on the grounds that if a respectable minority of doctors indorse it, then it has a currently accepted medical use (Erowid website, 2000). In 1990, the states of California and Arizona came to their senses and allowed marijuana to be legalized just for medical purposes (Silverman, 1995). A few years later, Missouri and Michigan also legalized medicinal marijuana. As of today, no additional states have decided to follow their lead. Since many uneducated authorities did not want to legalize marijuana, they spent money on developing Dronabial or Marinol, a synthetic version ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana1382 Words   |  6 Pageslegalisation of medicinal marijuana is a very controversial topic within Australia. Recently, Victoria took the first steps to legalise medicinal marijuana, referenced in Victorian Government s Access to Medicinal Cannabis Bill 2015 (12th April 2016) and passed by the Victorian Parliament. This is the beginning of â€Å"the process of enabling patients to access medicinal cannabis.† In spite of this forward move, the debate still rages. There are valid and significant stances about whether marijuana shouldRead MoreThe Controversy Over the Medicinal Use of Marijuana (missing closing paragraph)2359 Words   |  10 Pagesabout marijuana in the United States is ever changing and not lacking in attention by any means. Just the topic of marijuana legalizat ion brings about varying opinions on many different levels and which has the potential to divide a country, a state, a county, a city and in some instances, maybe a household. The topic of marijuana and its legalization for whatever reasons contains within it, many topics which the debate currently revolves around. However, the debate to decriminalize marijuana forRead MoreThe Use Of Marijuana For Medicinal Purposes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesno, maybe they smoke every day, maybe they never will, or maybe they have to if they want to live. Adolescents and adults have access to marijuana as it is easily available behind the scenes these days and it’s about time everybody knows the truth about the uses, effects, purposes, and cures about the devil’s harvest- Marijuana. The use of Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes is illegal due to its classification as an illicit drug, but there are some issues that have been established stating and provingRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana Sh ould Be Legal1512 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana popularly known as cannabis can also be used in the treatment of several ailments apart from its misuse. There are several differences that have been marked with the knowledge pertaining the medical consumption of cannabinoids and cannabis in a variety of sicknesses. For vomiting and nausea that is associated with chemotherapy of cancer, cachexia in HIV, anorexia, chronic, spasticity in numerous sclerosis and injury of the spinal cord are strong evidences of the medicinal benefits of theRead MoreUsing Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes562 Words   |  2 PagesIn todays society marijuana is a very controversial topic in America. There has been some horrible remarks towards cannabis in the past but the truth is finally starting to come out. People think of marijuana as a substance just to get â€Å"high† with but there are other good outcomes towards cannabis that can make this world a better place.As a marijuana support I believ e marijuana should be used for all purposes. Using marijuana for medicinal purposes was not recently discovered. According to riversideonlineRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Medicinal marijuana does more harm to our society than it does good.† This is a common misconception from those who oppose medicinal marijuana, and are ill informed of the practical uses. In this day and age there are many advances in medicine, and ways to treat and even cure some diseases or disorders. But due to the bad stigma that surrounds marijuana, there are people who refuse to acknowledge possibilities of medicinal properties. In this paper I will give examples of a few major breakthroughsRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage800 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage The legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is a question that seems to be scourging many states. Have you ever experience excruciating pain? Or have you ever witnessed someone suffering from agonizing morning sickness? Then still there are those that feel plagued with the chronic arthritis pain, or the nausea and vomiting, which often accompany chemotherapy. These individuals would welcome the use of marijuana for medicinal usage. MedicalRead MoreMarijuana Should Marijuana Be Used For Medicinal Purposes Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pages Cannabis (or marijuana) is a common drug that is derived from a plant that has been around for centuries. Many argue that cannabis can be used for medicinal purposes. Thus, many researchers believe it is important to begin studying the effects that cannabis has on people. While this drug has been deemed to having both beneficial and detrimental side effects, many individuals are still weary as to what this drug may bring forth in terms of future medical discoveries, as well as other issues thatRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana Should Be Decriminalized Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesFor the past fifty years, heated debates over the topic of the decriminalization of marijuana have been a great controversy among politicians. Some politicians believe that marijuana for the use of medicine should be outlawed. As Congressman Bob Barr in his debate with radio talk show host Neil Boortz on May 14, 2002, stated, quot;There is no legitimate medical use whatsoever for marijuana. This [marijuana] is not medicine. This is bogus witchcraft. It has no place in medicine, no place in painRead More The Many Benefits of Medicinal Marijuana Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesof Medicinal Marijuana When the religious leaders of Nicholas Copernicus time excommunicated him for his radical studies, they ignorantly dismissed a brilliant idea. The idea that the earth revolved around the sun inherently brought controversy upon the traditional styles of science. A controversy our leaders need to examine is the medical use of marijuana. Instead of banning marijuana and ignoring the public voice, our representatives need to examine the facts and effects of marijuana for

Essay Analysis Free Essays

Essay Analysis (Name) (University/Institution) â€Å"And You Will Know Us by the Trail of German Butterballs† By Jonathan Kauffman Many Americans are discovering the value of locally or own grown food. By doing this, they help reduce the carbon print while at the same time supporting local business (Elton). The general concern posed by the writer in this article is how the local-foods movement is gradually becoming a global trend. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the author sites how the movement is steadily growing, he also expresses his concerns regarding it. Without proper standards to oversee the movement, the author expresses fear that it will decline sharply. The first section of this article deals with a brief history of locavorism. In this section, the writer goes into some of the history of the movement and how the movement has changed from a small group of friends to be the largest, most influential food trend in the country. From the beginning, of the article we are given hints that the author is in support of the idea of locavorism when he tells us how he favours local foods over certified organic ones and the reasons why, even though he states that the movement still has a long way to go. In the next section, the author talks about how the idea behind the local foods movement is slowly permeating into the wine world. Even though, the phenomenal seems very different from the locavore movement, the passion for specificity is the same. Wine sellers have resorted to import wines from places like Europe and South America as opposed to buying local products. In the final section, the writer ponders over the pros and cons of the locavorism moment. He goes on to compare the number of people behind the ovement at present as opposed to how it was five years ago. He further expounds on the effects of cost and prices on consuming local foods and how Corporate America has its eye on the locavore movement. As the piece comes to an end, the author explores the position of the locavorism movement in the present world and how it is on its way to become a powerful trend. The author’s description of locavorism presents a setting of the story that is essential in understanding the writer’s view with regards to the movement. Even though, he goes ahead and lists reasons why the locavore movement has not caught on yet, he provides subtle hints that he is for the idea. One feature of a good essay is that it should present a logical flow of ideas, especially from one paragraph to the next. The author has taken this into account, and his mastery of this subject is quite impressive. The writer ends the piece by stating that if the locavore movement is to expand, then it should borrow a leaf from Radiohead, one of the world’s largest rock bands. The strength of this article lies in his layout of the characteristics of the local foods movement. Maybe this is one of the best analyses I have read regarding the subject. The writer has in depth knowledge about food, and this is evident from his style of writing. He illustrates this in a clear but concise manner while covering all the main points thoroughly. Work Cited Elton, Sarah. Locavore: from farmers’ fields to rooftop gardens : how Canadians are changing the way we eat. Pennsylvania: HarperCollins, 2010. How to cite Essay Analysis, Essays

Case Study of B.R Richardson-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of B.R Richardson. Answer: Background The process of management is always characterized by a myriad challenges. Successful control of a business corporation calls for the application of various management theories, skills as well as ideas all of which go a long way in enhancing the achievement of the desired end results. One of the dominant management theories is the systems theory of management which treats an organization as a system made of various complex elements (Ashforth Kreiner, 2009). Each of these elements ought to be effectively intertwined in order to achieve the overall organizational success. The other theories which will also form the basis of our discussion include; contingency theory, classical theory, organization, leadership as well as communication theory. This report comprises a discussion of the outcome of a case study analysis of B.R Richardson Timber Products Corporation. The corporation which is basically family owned comprises four small enterprises namely: a mill, a lumber operation, a logging mill and a laminating plant. Its owner is B.R Richardson and manages the company with the help of other leaders in various capacities within the organization. Due to the decline in the level of motivation among the workers within the organization, the owner seeks the services of a management training and development consultant. The consultant is charged with the task of noting the key organizational issues and hence coming up with the necessary recommendations. This report would therefore be a vital piece which would help B.R Richardson Timber Products Corporation management to obtaining long lasting solutions to its organizational challenges. Objectives To identify and outline the various organizational challenges and management issues facing B.R Richardson Timber Products Corporation. To diagnose and hence discuss the possible causes of the key organizational challenges identified above. To discuss the organizational problems and propose recommendation on possible strategies which would be implemented in a bid to obtain long lasting solutions. Scope The B. R. Richardson Corporation is relatively a large corporation. An in-depth analysis of the organization would be possible if the research process targeted specific areas within the system. The report shall therefore be based on an analysis of the organizational structure, the communication methods used within the organization and the physical attributes which include physical amenities, resources and materials within the organization. The stem of this discussion shall therefore be based on the information obtained through research regarding the three elements highlighted above. Based on the information obtained through direct interviews of different personnel in addition to the case study, the report shall seek to examine the key organizational issues before proposing the necessary recommendations and hence solutions to the identified problems. Assumptions In the process of compilation of this report, one of the assumptions made is that the opinions obtained from the selected sample for interviews were a fare representation of the real situation within the organization. It is also assumed that the information provided by the interviewees were honest hence painting a true picture of the current state of affairs within the corporation. Added to the bit presented in the case study, the report would solely be based on the information that the corporation voluntarily offered to the researchers in a bid to obtain a remedy or more for its challenges. Discussion Organizational Structure The B.R Richardson Timber Products Corporation is made up of a simple organizational structure which from a single view offers the picture of smooth flow in activities. The structure factors in the elements of the systems theory of management which treats an organization either an open or a closed system with distinct parts that forms a whole (Berg Huebner, 2011). The organization is headed by a President, Richardson, who precides over most if not all the major decision making processes involving management within the organization. This level is closely followed by the corporate secretary, Juanita Yates who is answerable to the president and links the lower levels of the structure to the executive. The corporation is made up of four smaller organs situated in different locations. These include; laminating plant, lumber mills, a logging operations company and a larger mill. Each of these plants is headed by a manager. This group of managers forms the next level of the structure under the distinct coordination of the relations manager, Richard Bowman. Each of the feeder plants are governed by a smaller structure comprising a manager, a scheduler, supervisors and other leaders in various lower capacities. For instance, Joe who is the manager of the laminating plant has Susan Lyons as the secretary with various individuals coming below. Based on the nature of this structure, the main communication approach is vertical transmission where information comes from the President before being disseminated to the various organs within the structure. The structure indicates a corporate arrangement in which the main leadership approach involves sharing of roles (Bolmans Deal, 2007). According to the management theory, dissemination and hence sharing of roles plays a crucial part in enhancing the smooth flow of activities within an organization. As noted in this case, each individual is charged with a specific task hence room for specialization which enhances the quality of output as delivered by the workers. In addition, the organizational structure reveals the existence of a diverse workforce based on gender, age as well as class just to mention but few. Consequently, while projecting the organizational challenges and issues within B.R Corporation, it is highly expected that some of these challenges would be greatly linked to diverse workforce. Identified Organizational Issues Ineffective leadership Styles The case study reveals a number of challenges faced by different individuals. These challenges could be largely linked to the leadership approaches and execution styles as embraced by various members within the organization (Eisenberg Eschenfelder, 2009). In order to supplement the information as presented by the case study, the interviews with the various individuals within the organization effectively indicate the minimal level of cohesion among workers within the organization (Dempsey, 2007). To begin with, the study reveals that most of the workers within the organization are uncomfortable with the plant managers form of leadership. They consider him insensitive to the need for team delivery and respect for the lowly ranked workers. He is said to be a bit dictatorial and rather authoritative in his approaches and laces his instructions to the workers with threats. For instance, when giving instructions on an area in need of overhaul, the workers in the particular segment are ask ed to execute their duties immediately or they risk being dismissed/fired. This kind of leadership approach largely breeds fear and resented and not the much needed loyalty. As noted by Jim, one of the supervisors under Joe in the lamination plant, the nature of leadership as executed by the top management has caused unrest among workers especially in the plant. This has slowed down the process of production leading to inconsistencies in the yearly turnover as registered by the company. Worker inexperience Secondly, there the issue of worker inexperience as deduced from the study of processes specifically within the laminating plant. Some of the personnel, for instance in the finishing sections of the plant lack the necessary experience to execute their duties hence leading to a decline in the quality of products. The other example, as revealed in the case study is John McClough, the finishing supervisor who according to the responses obtained from the interviews is said to be failing in is duties. The study reveals that most of the supervisors in the laminating plant fail to push enough in a bid to obtain quality products and enhance output. This situation has led to the loyalty of some of the organizations workers beings question. Perhaps such a turn of events could be largely associated with the low moral levels within the organization which still boils down to the management approaches applied. Poor Communication Furthermore, the study indicates the absence of a sure flow of information from one level to another. As noted by Juanita, the corporate secretary, Joe who is a manager has failed in many occasions to fashion her desk with information concerning the flow of cash. The manager chooses to communicate directly to the executive while ignoring the hierarchy hence leading to the emergence of a poor communication system (Guarreillo Heath, 2007). According to the communication theory of management, processes within an organization become effective when the right communication channels are identified and used. The need for successful dissemination of information is therefore inevitable when it comes to achieving organizational success. Worker Motivation The case study reveals an obvious decline in the level of motivation among workers in the lamination plant. This could be attributed to various factors. For instance, Lawlers report reveals disarray in the physical arrangement of elements within the organization. He notes that the tracks are arranged at random and machines and other materials scattered within the yard. This indicates a non-conducive working environment hence the main reason for the high rate of fatalities experienced by the workers over the past months. The workers are also complaining, albeit silently, of the managers dictatorial approach and insensitivity to their issue. Their lunch hour break which was initially an hour was recently reduced to half an hour. The reward scheme is also considerably unstable and seems to favor only those who are directly answerable to the organizations executive. All these factors have led to a tremendous decline in the moral e of workers within the organization (Frumpkin, 2007). Summary and Discussion A summary of the identified issues and their magnitude can be deduced from the chart below According to the contingency theory, effective management depends on how leaders link their management behaviors to the changing situations within the organization (Koschmann, 2012). This implies that the management approaches ought to be flexible enough to change with the changing circumstances within the organization. The case at B.R Timber Products Corp. is exceptional. The study reveals that the leadership approach has remained what it is currently, for the past ten years. Being a family affair little has been done in rotation of leaders which hinders the organization from exploring other formidable management approaches. If the plant manager continues with his authoritative approach, it can be projected that the production within the organization will drop owing to low motivation levels among the workers. There is therefore an urgent need for leadership training and exposure on alternative and effective management approaches. As highlighted in the classical theory of management, there is need to scientifically study the tasks within an organization and hence the workers responsible for these tasks. This approach would enable the organization to identify the workers best suited for specific tasks which encourages specialization hence effective service delivery. The issue of worker inexperience in the organization can be minimized by applying this theory. Consequently, each individual is station in an area where they are well able to deliver based on their experience and expertise. This could go a long way in enhancing their confidence which in turn increases motivation levels. Alternate Solutions and actions to tackle the organizational issues The theory of leadership advocates for role sharing, dissemination of duties and sensitivity to the needs of other workers. Authoritarian styles like those of the lamination plant manager may never be effective enough in helping an organization to achieve its objectives. With respect to the organization through its remedy approaches seeks to make the process of communication as flawless as presented in the communication theory. With such an effective structure, B.R Corp. could use vertical approaches in the passage of information without some workers choosing to communicate directly to the top management while surpassing the other levels. The companys idea to seek the services of a management training and development consultant is a step in the right direction in a bid to tackle its issues. One of the consultants agenda is to conduct motivational training which would go a long way in enhancing the motivation levels within the organization which is one of the burning issues. Additional actions would involve staff training and exposure, introduction of a better reward scheme and implementation of appropriate leadership styles in managing the organization. Conclusion The report highlights some of the major organizational challenges faced by B.R Timber Products Corporation. Despite the fact that the organizational structure is quite definite, it is a fact worth noting that the corporation has a number of challenges which if not addressed in good time may lead to long term effects on the performance of the organization (Tajfel Turner, 2008). The report highlights poor communication, ineffective leadership approaches, inexperienced workers and low motivational levels as some of the challenges facing the organization. It would therefore be a crucial step to identify and hence implement the necessary solutions in order to revive the workers morale and the general performance of the plant (Meisenbach, 2010). Some of the solutions could be derived from the recommendations outlined below. Recommendations Management Staff training and exposure on leadership skills and approaches in order to sharpen the effectiveness of their leadership execution styles. Training and exposure of workers to enhance their skills and experience necessary for the effective performance of duties. Enhancement of worker motivation through incentive, a stable reward programme in addition to proper working conditions. Training on effective communication skills and encouraging members within the organization to embrace appropriate communication channels during the dissemination and transmission of information References Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E. (2009). "How can you do it?": Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 413-434. Berg, M. T., Huebner, B. M. (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examintion of social ties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28(2), 382-410. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2010.498383 Bolman, L., Deal, T. (2007). Leading with soul. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Dempsey, S. E. (2007). Negotiating accountability within international contexts: The role bounded voice. Communication Monographs, 34(3), 311-322. Eisenberg, E. M., Eschenfelder, B. (2009). In the public interest: Communication in nonprofit organizations. I (L.R. Frey K. N. Cissna, Eds.) Routledge handbook of applied communication research (pp. 355-379). Frumpkin, P. (2007). On being nonprofit. Cambridge, MA. Harvard Business Press. Guarreillo Heath, R. (2007). Rethinking community collaboration through a dialogic lens: Creativity, democracy, and diversity in community organizing. [journal article]. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(2), 145-171. doi: 10.1177/0893318907306032 Hoffman, M. F. (2007). Ora et labora (prayer and work); Spirituality, communication and organizing in religious communities. Journal of Communication and Religion, 30, 187-212. Keddy, J. (2007). Human dignity and grassroots leadership development. Social Policy, 31(4), 48-53. Kissane, R. J. (2007). What's need got to do with it? Barriers to use of nonprofit social services. Sociology Social Welfare, 30(2), 127-148. Koschmann, M. A. (2012). Developing a communictive theory of the nonprofit. Management Communication Quarterly, 26, 139-146. Lewis, L. K., Hamel, S. A., Richardon, B. K. (2007). Communicating change to nonprofit stakeholders: Models and predictors of implementers approaches. Management Communication Quartlerly, 15, 5-41. Masood, S., Dani, S., Burns, N., Backhouse, C. (2006). Transformational leadership and organizational culture: The situational strength perspective. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers -- Part B -- Engineering Manufacture, 220(6), 941-949. doi: 10.1243/09544054JEM499 Meisenbach, R. J. (2010). Stigma management communication: A theory and agenda for applied research on how individuals manage moments of stigmatized identity. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(3), 268-292. doi: 10.1080/00909882.2010.490841 Lewis, L., Isbell, M. G., Koschmann, M. (2010). Collaborative tensions: Practitioners experiences of interorganizational relationships. Communication Monographs, 77, 460-479. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. (2008). The achievement of group differentiation. In T. H. (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology intergroup relations (pp. 77-98). London: Academic Press

Western Civilization Reformation Essays - Anti-Catholicism

Western Civilization Reformation Chris Walters 1April99 HIS121 Western Civilization REFORMATION During the Sixteenth century, a widespread Religious reformation took place in Western Europe. It was between the Catholics and the Protestants. A reformation is a 16th century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches. This particular Reformation separated the Christians of Western Europe into Protestants and Catholics. Some of the major Reformations of the Sixteenth century were the Catholic Reformation, the Genevan Reformation, German Reformation, English Reformation, and the Swiss Reformation, also known as the Zwinglian Reformation. They all shared some similar characteristics, while also having some different characteristics. During the Sixteenth century corruption was widespread throughout all of Western Europe. Clergy men, popes, and priests were all sinning alike. Greed, sex, abuse of power were just some of these abuses. The Reformations sought to eliminate these abuses. In each of these reformations, Royalty played a part in it. In the Catholic Reformation, taking place in Spain and Italy, Queen Isabel of Spain brought the church further under the crowns control than ever before. Her reason for Reformation was to raise the intellectual and moral standards of the church. In the German Reformation, Martin Luther was the leader, and he split the church into two groups the Catholic and Protestant. He had protested that some of the clergy were selling indulgences (temporal pardons of sins) without making clear that people must also be sincerely repentant for those sins. Hes most famous for his list of 95 indulgences that he nailed to the door of the catholic church. In Switzerland Zwinglian lead the Swiss Reformation. He broke Traditional standards. He said A church without the magistrate is mutilated and incomplete.Relics and images were abolished; all paintings and decorations were removed form the churches and replaced by white washed walls. He also had music removed from the sermon because he felt it was a distraction from the word of god. (Spielvogel 471) The English Reformation came about because of Henry VIIIs desire to divorce his wife, in search of one that could bear him a son. The Genevan reformation, (I dont get this part because its in Switzerland so isnt it the same thing then as the Swiss Reformation?)It was lead by John Calvin. Calvin enforced the ideals of purity, simplicity, and devout religious faith. All of these Reformations took power away form the churches and placed it under the crown. No ones power will be higher than that of the crown. All of these Reformations sought to eliminate corruption, sin, and any other wrong doings from the churches. The Catholic Reformation and the English Reformation fought to keep Catholicism, while the Swiss Reformation, the German reformation, and the Genevan reformation all fought for Protestantism. Each of these Reformations divided up their countries people. The Holy Roman Empire was the main fighting force against Protestantism. All these Reformations broke traditional standards around Western Europe. The true reform was not directed against an enemy; it was undertaken for God, Jesus Christ, as a protestation of unwavering loyalty.( Daniel-Rops 3) The idea was to change Mankind not Religion, but this proved to be impossible. Each Reformation was different because there were different driving forces behind them. The Genevan Reformation, led by Calvin, was ultimately driven by the government of Geneva, which wasnt a King or a Queen, but instead by a series of councils. The Catholic Reformation had Queen Isabel behind it in her hopes to strengthen the morals of her people. The Swiss Reformation was started by Zwinglian, in his hopes to remove all that which distracted from the pure word of God. The German Reformation was driven by Luther and later carried on by Charles V, who tried to unite his kingdom through religion but through a series of wars lost all hopes of religious unity. And the English Reformation was started because of King Henry VIIIs quest for a heir to his throne. Each of these Reformations had their differences and similarities, but ultimately shared one major concept; to eliminate all sin, the abuse of power and the selling of indulgences from the church and the pure word of God. History Essays

How are games related to socialization and gender roles

How are games related to socialization and gender roles Free Online Research Papers Question: Summarize the ways in which play and games are related to socialization to gender expectations, identities, and roles. Answer: Gender expectations can be seen in boys and girls in play and games. For instance, according to the textbook, â€Å"girls play in one-to-one relationships or small groups of twosomes and threesomes; their play is relatively cooperative, emphasizes turn taking, requires little competition, and has relatively few rules.† This affects how they will act as adults, as women generally are less competitive and generally put more emphasis on others rather than themselves. The textbook also reads â€Å"in feminine games like jump rope or hopscotch, the goal is skill rather than winning.† This could help explain why women in general are less concerned with winning, as relates to ambition in the business world, etc. According to the textbook â€Å"boys more often play in fairly large groups, characterized by more fighting and attempts to effect a hierarchical pecking order.† This explains why men tend to be so competitive, and need to establish a leader or order of leadership in other areas of life. Failure to conform to these expectations in children often leaves them in ridicule by their classmates, which is very undesirable. So deviation from these roles is minimal. The textbook reads â€Å"From preschool through adolescence, children who play according to traditional gender roles are more popular with their peers; this is more true for boys.† Popularity is very desirable and thus is a driving factor to keep children within their gender role in play and games. Another interesting point brought up by the textbook is that during adolescence and for some males into adulthood â€Å"males are expected to put the guys first in their priorities. Peer status for adolescent girls , in contrast, more often rests on being popular with boys.† This shows signs at a very early age of the domination of males in our society. Whereas males can be socially accepted without females, females require male attention and or acceptance to be socially accepted. These differences in childhood games and social acceptance teach boys and girls to act differently than the opposite gender. Whether good or bad, as the textbook reads, â€Å"the process is reinforced in schools.† The word â€Å"reinforced† indicates that the process begins somewhere besides school, most likely at home with parental influence. This influence on children is something that cannot be avoided by them, and is just an accepted part of a society that differentiates between the roles of men and women. Research Papers on How are games related to socialization and gender rolesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized TestingOpen Architechture a white paper

Family Delphinidae

Family Delphinidae Delphinidae is the family of animals commonly known as the dolphins. This is the largest family of cetaceans.Members of this family are commonly called dolphins or delphinids. The Family Delphinidae includes such recognizable species as the bottlenose dolphin, the killer whale (orca), the  Atlantic white-sided dolphin,  Pacific white-sided dolphin, spinner dolphin,  common dolphin, and pilot whales. Dolphins are vertebrates and marine mammals. Origin of the Word Delphinidae The word Delphinidae comes from the Latin word delphinus, meaning dolphin. Delphinidae Species Cetaceans in the Family Delphinidae are  Odontocetes or  toothed whales. There are  38 species  in this family.   Characteristics of Delphinidae The Delphinidae are generally fast, streamlined animals with a pronounced beak, or rostrum.   Dolphins have cone-shaped teeth, an important characteristic that distinguishes them from porpoises. They have one blowhole, which distinguishes them from baleen whales, which have a pair of blowholes.   Dolphins also use echolocation to find their prey. They have an organ in their head called a melon which they use to focus clicking sounds which they produce. The sounds bounce off objects around them, including prey. In addition to its use in finding prey, delphinids also use echolocation to communicate with other dolphins and to navigate. How Big Are Dolphins? According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, the Delphinidae can range in size from about 4 or 5 feet (e.g., Hectors dolphin and the spinner dolphin) to about 30 feet in length (the killer whale, or orca). Where Do Dolphins Live? Delphinids live in a wide range of habitats, from coastal to pelagic areas.   Dolphins in Captivity Dolphins, especially bottlenose dolphins, are kept in captivity in aquaria and marine parks. They are also kept in some facilities for research. Some of these animals are once-wild animals that came into a rehabilitation center and were unable to be released. The first marine park in the U.S. was  Marine Studios, now known as Marineland. This park began exhibiting bottlenose dolphins in the 1930s. Since dolphins were first displayed in aquaria, the practice has become more controversial, with activists and animal welfare advocates especially concerned about the stress levels and health of captive cetaceans, especially orcas. Dolphin Conservation Dolphins are also sometimes the victims of drive hunts, which have grown more widely known and controversial. In these hunts, dolphins are killed for their meat and to be sent to aquariums and marine parks. Even before that, people advocated for the protection of dolphins, who were dying by the thousands in nets used to catch tuna. This led to the development and marketing of dolphin-safe tuna. In the U.S., all dolphins are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act.   References and Further Information Committee on Taxonomy. 2014. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Accessed October 31, 2015.Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B., and J.G.M. Thewissen, editors. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.

IT Hilton Case Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Hilton Case - Coursework Example Good brands foster customer loyalty and loyal customers are more willing to increase their frequency of purchase or number of purchases in addition to becoming marketers for the hotel through word of mouth. Brand is therefore an important asset to any company. 2. Evaluate the performance of the Customers Really Matter initiative to date. Calculate an ROI for the project as: (Total number of calls * increase conversion ratio * net revenue per call) / OnQ CRM investment. Support this analysis with qualitative rationale. Note the difference between OnQ (the entire infrastructure for running Hilton that cost $100m) and the OnQ CRM which is the focus here. From the chart above that has been derived from the ROI equation it is evident that the Customers Really Matter initiative has been having an increased positive impact to Hilton. The positive slope manifests an increasing return on investment. From the chart we can conclude that Hilton’s managers have been effectively using the i nvestment in OnQ CRM to produce more income. Another way of looking at this chart is that the numerator has been increasing more rapidly than the denominator. This implies that many calls were closed (as shown by conversion ratio increases), Hilton’s efficiency increased (as shown by net revenue per call increases) and increase in customers/potential customers (as shown by increase in total number of calls). In summary it means that Hilton is improving its ability to extract value from its investment in the OnQ CRM system. 3. What do you think Hilton leadership should do after the Blackstone acquisition? Should they further invest in CRM or simply maintain the status quo? What aspects of Hilton’s CRM should be strengthened, if any, and how? Hilton leadership should focus their efforts on using the resources obtained from the Blackstone acquisition to tackle their threats and weaknesses. For starters Hilton is aware that consistency and delivery in service is heavily de pendent on their front-end staff. Secondly, with the CRM Hilton is slowly losing the chance to interact with its customers i.e. human touch is slowly being replaced by IT systems. Hilton is in the hospitality industry and in as much as IT systems may be effective; they lack the capacity to create personal relationships with customers. Furthermore, too much investment in the CRM would create too much reliance on it, which implies that it could be a single point of failure. This only increases the risk associated with using the CRM. From the points raised above we believe that Hilton would be better off in maintaining the status quo than in over-investing on the CRM. The funds obtained from Blackstone could instead be used to improve the group’s management system, front-end staff skills acquisition and to support the expansion drive towards increasing its hotels to increase its market share. From Exhibit 1 (Applegate, Piccoli, and Dev 7) we can see that Hilton is the fifth la rgest hotel group. Blackstone’s funds should be used to continue the aggressive expansion program. 4. Briefly evaluate the potential value of CRM for one of the firm’s a team member works for. How significant could CRM be to the firm? Does CRM raise any potential customer data privacy concerns in this example? Dell is a leading PC manufacturer in the world and as such requires the services of a robust CRM that can handle over three

Argument essay on achievement gap Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument on achievement gap - Essay Example The issue needs to be resolved because despite of many efforts, an analysis of the different states in 2011 revealed that there were still five states in America where this achievement gap had increased since 2003. This analysis explained that an effective policy for overcoming this issue is needed in the country (Johnson 11; Lynch). The achievement gap is a matter of concern as it affects a large number of American students and this issue needs to be addressed with strong and effective strategies for the improvement of the educational system of the country. The achievement gap has been observed not only in primary and secondary schools but it has also been seen in children during their kindergarten years. A further analysis of achievement gap in minority groups has revealed that this gap is known to exist in schools even if the economic status of the all the students is the same. This means that each cause of an achievement gap is independent and it is not essential that students co ming from good economic backgrounds would be saved from this issue (Williams 26,27). According to an analysis done by the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2007, it was seen that white students were better achievers in reading and math tests which were conducted in the fourth and eighth grade (Lynch). Thus, these surveys and reports indicate that the achievement gap is a grave issue and needs a thorough assessment. This is because considering the statistics of the immigrants in the country; it can be judged that this gap would rise if it is not tackled. This can be assessed as statistics reveal that from the year 2000 till the year 2050, the number of whites would reduce in the United States to 49 percent from 68 percent and the Latinos would form 40 percent of the America population. In a similar trend, the African Americans would rise by 1 percent whereas the Asian population would surge by four percent (Haller). The optimal way to overcome this achievement gap in the country is the formulation of effective instructions and interventions for the students. The achievement gap reduction can be achieved by providing improvement at three levels. These include classroom interventions, targeted interventions and intensive interventions. The most important of these is the classroom intervention where eighty percent of the students of the class learn. The students should be encouraged to learn and study and should be motivated to avoid failing in class. With this, the other interventions should also run side by side for students who are in need of them. For example targeted interventions should be carried out for approximately fifteen percent of the students who have failed to achieve good grades due to their socioeconomic status or due to having difficulties in learning English and reading. Intensive interventions should be saved for students who are not motivated despite of classroom and targeted interventions and do not seem to be interested towards the improvement of their education. These students should be handled individually by a team of instructors and psychologists. This three level process is the most optimal way to overcome the achievement gap in the country (Johnson 12,13). The program focusing upon interventions has not been practiced in the United Sta

King Arthur Essay Example for Free

King Arthur Essay While significant attention is given to the potential historical origins of King Arthur, the Arthur who lingers in pop consciousness is the product of the romantic imaginings of literature and poetry. It is frequently asserted that he is a product of a medieval zeitgeist, which needed a heroic figure to represent the values of its culture. Arthur is a rather complex hero in the wake of the Greek heroes that preceded him, a medieval modern who stands in stark contrast to his classically antiquated predecessors. The tales identify Arthur as the bastard child of the lady Igraine. Merlin used his skills to help Uther Pendragon come to her under the guise of Igraine’s husband the Duke of Cornwall, and Arthur was the fruit of that adulterous union. Merlin takes Arthur and raises him, and when he reached manhood he becomes King of Britain. Arthur’s ascension is detailed as having begun with an embrace with his destiny by obtaining the sword Excalibur. Depending on how the tale is told, he either obtains it by pulling it from a stone or anvil, or it is given to him by the Lady of the Lake. Either way, this dramatically proves his worth despite numerous challengers to the throne. As King, Arthur takes a wife and assembles a gallery of knights who convene around a round table and go on quests in search of the legendary Holy Grail, as well as unifying the various geographical and political factions of Britain as one kingdom, governed under the utopia capital of Camelot. However, despite his desire for peace and prosperity for Britain, the foibles and flaws of his peers continue to disappoint him. Eventually he faces his own mortality, when he is challenged by his own son Mordred for the right to rule, despite his desire for a peaceable settlement. Mordred is defeated but Arthur is fatally wounded and dies. Arthur exemplifies a hero who struggles with duality. Despite the mythic stature accorded to him, his ability to command respect, his strength of courage and his fair-minded sense of justice makes him an exemplar of pure Christianity: liberal in disposition and democratic in temperament, but he is also rather arrogant and inflexible. His crusades also place him in a position in which he frequently neglects his responsibilities as a leader, despite having fought for the right to rule among petty bickering would-be monarchs. The Queen he romanced is left neglected during his adventures, and she betrays him through adultery. His cunning and courage is remarkable, but is witness only abroad never to be put to good use within the kingdom. The Greek heroes are significantly darker, which sets them apart from the rather romantic and idealist tone of Arthur’s mythical self-journey. Consider for example, Achilles: Like Arthur, he was born of an arranged union. Zeus was afraid of a prophecy which told that a child of Thetis would overthrow him, and thus provided for her to conceive with a half-mortal child. Whereas Arthur’s parentage was largely a design of Merlin’s to obtain a new protà ©gà © to raise, while Achilles’ parentage was a political one, insofar as the machinations of gods can be political. Additionally, Achilles’ alienation from humanity is more pronounced, because he is literally ‘less than human’ in his partial divinity, though this divinity makes him cruel rather than virtuous, a far cry from Arthur. The superhuman Beowulf is also comparable to Arthur. While he is able to defeat monstrous opponents in single combat, he parallels Arthur as a monarch whose grim demeanor softens as he ages, and concludes his life with a confrontation with his own mortality. He emerges victorious but fatally wounded, ready to embrace death with the same kind of acceptance that Arthur does.

Essay --

Introduction A lot of NCAA division 1 athletes come from poor backgrounds. In fact over 85 percent of college athletes live below the poverty line. Playing a sport in college is appealing to underprivileged athletes because it provides them with the opportunity to receive a scholarship for an education that they otherwise would not have be able to afford (Hayes). However, although they are getting a scholarship, it is very hard for many of these athletes to afford things other than the necessities that are provided to them by their school (Hartnett). One solution is to get a job. Though, finding time for a job between class, practice, studying, traveling and competing can prove to be very difficult. Another option for athletes is to earn money by using their image and athletic ability for profit. However, the NCAA has rules that control many financial actions of student athletes and strictly prohibit them using their image and athleticism for money(NCAA). They justify this control by arguing th at these rules protect the idea of amateurism. Amateurism is when an activity is done as a hobby and not a profession. The National College Athletic Association â€Å"NCAA† believes that amateurism in college athletics is beneficial and thinks that student athletes should not receive any type of payment for being a college athlete (National Collegiate). Ever since its inception, the NCAA has enforced rules that protect amateurism (Treadway). Currently, these rules are causing a lot of controversy. Some people believe that the NCAA is limiting the actions of players so much that it is illegal. Others believe that NCAA rules are just and necessary for maintaining the best academic environment for student athletes. Ed O’Bannon experienced what ... ...ht up in the case and convince jurors to decide in their favor (Differences). Once the jurors have seen the evidence and heard the arguments they will deliberate. This is when they come together and discuss the trial. They then must decide whether to find for the defendant or plaintiff (American). If the losing side believes that the case was not conducted correctly they have the right to appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals (Federal). The O'Bannon lawsuit is a civil case in United States District Court in the Northern District of California. So far, the case is still in the pretrial stage. Judge Claudia Wilken, the District Court judge for the Northern District of California, certified this case as a class action suit after a motion from O’Bannon (McCann). This allows more than one plaintiff to sue the same plaintiff (Roos). The hearing is scheduled for July 2014.

Paramedic Professionals Essay

Although paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers, they are not classified as health care professionals, therefore, working independently from these organisations and autonomously within their own state ambulance organisations. Through exploring the evolution of paramedic practice and their role as a health care provider, the current status of paramedics as a semi profession is explained along with what further development is needed before they become a recognised profession. In understanding how paramedics work autonomously within their own state based organisations, the concept of scope of practice and evidence based practice is explored. Finally by discussing how paramedics are independent, we establish paramedics’ role and position within the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a health care professional At present in Australia, paramedics are not classified as registered health care professionals. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are widely regarded as semi-professionals with the potential to become a fully recognised profession in the near future. The definition of profession and the guidelines to become a recognised profession are not black and white. Professions Australia defined a profession as ‘a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards and who possess special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) describes 4 key elements that are essential for the process of professionalization. These include; the implementation of a unified code of ethics and regulations, attaining professional licencing, registration and accreditation, the establishment of university study and education and the development of full-time occupation and formation of occupational territory. Over the past 20 years the roles of paramedics have changed rapidly, with changes still occurring at the present. Paramedics have transitioned from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as ambulance officers, to todays’ paramedics who are full time workers and are able to administer extensive pre hospital care. Along with the changes to the nature of the paramedics’ job, there has also been a significant change in the way paramedics are trained. ‘Training for paramedics has transitioned from on the job training provided by State and Territory Ambulance Services to vocational qualifications and more recently, higher education (University) sector qualifications. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These changes to higher education training and full time employment, has allowed for paramedics to move one step closer in becoming a recognised profession. A review of common professional traits suggests two main areas where the discipline falls short and it is that paramedics do not have ‘national registration and regulation resulting in professional self-control and accreditation’ and they do not nationwide qualifications that link from tertiary education to the paramedic services (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, registration in the context of health care professionals, is the process of licensing and registering clinicians to practice at a uniform national standard of care. Productivity Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration allows for consistency in education and training nationwide, and ensures paramedics work within the provisions of their scope of practice. (Council of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national university standard degree competencies or a national curriculum in relation to paramedic training. This leads to an inconsistency between the curricula taugh t to paramedic students. This is further aggravated by ambulance services as they work independently from the Australian Health care System and of the universities as well. Williams, Brown, Osman 2012) In conclusion, without the implementation of nationwide registration, licensing and education qualifications, paramedics will continue to be recognized as a semi-profession. Operating autonomously Paramedics are allied health care providers who are operating autonomously at a state level within their own ambulance services. The United States National Library of Medicine defines autonomy as the ‘decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with one’s professional knowledge base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic profession this knowledge base is known as a scope of practice. Within each state based paramedic organisation, there is legislation and guidelines that outline the scope of which a certain qualified paramedic can work in. Scope of practice refers to ‘the ext ent to which providers may render Health care services and the extent they may do so independently and the type of diseases, ailments, and injuries a health care provider may address and what procedures and medication they can provide. ’ (Prats ;amp; Katz 2012: 13) For example, in Queensland, whilst out on road paramedics have the freedom to make their own decisions and judgments based on their knowledge, as long as it is legal in the legislation of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and within the scope of practice of the paramedics qualifications. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics gain further knowledge and undergo more training, the scope of practice of this paramedic will increase. The larger the scope of practice, the more autonomously the paramedic is able to operate. Currently in Queensland there has been an increased awareness of poorer patient outcomes and difficulties in accessing medical help in rural and remote areas. (Horizon 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an attempt to increase positive patient outcomes, expanded scope roles have been introduced into the Australian Health Care System, allowing certain paramedics to apply skills and protocols for which they were not originally trained. (Sterling, Pedler, Walker 2007) This increases the paramedics’ autonomy within their field which allows them to work for better patient outcomes. Paramedics are also highly autonomous as they frequently use evidence based practice as a means of new research and technique. In the pre hospital care environment, ‘rather than making decisions about practice actions based on routine and traditionally taught methods, paramedics use evidence identified from well-constructed studies as a basis for the clinical decisions and behaviours. ’ (Curtis ;amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice occurs through ‘integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (Sackett ;amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can only occur when an individual is given autonomy within their field of work. In conclusion, as paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, paramedics are autonomous within a state level. Operating independently within The Australian Health Care System Although paramedics work alon g-side the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are independent of this system. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 defines independent as being ‘not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. Paramedics are governed by their own state based organisations and are separate and independent of the hospitals and the Australian Health Care System. When dealing with any misconduct or inquiries, unlike nurses and doctors whose governing power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based organisation. In conclusion, even though the paramedics work in conjunction with other health care providers both in and out of the hospital setting, paramedics governance is independent of other health care services and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009) Conclusion: In conclusion paramedics are autonomous and independent health care providers who work along-side the Australian Health Care system. Alth ough paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers in both the in and out of hospital care environment, they are not classified as health care professionals. But with the implementation of nationwide curricula and ethical standards, paramedics can move from a semi profession to fully recognised profession. Paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, making paramedics autonomous within a state level. Through the broadening of paramedics’ scope of practice in certain environment such as rural areas and through the use of evidence based practice we see efforts to increase positive patient outcomes. Finally, paramedics are independent from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-governed by their own state based organisations.

Notes Apush Chapter 16 a People and a Nation

Chapter 16 – Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 I. Introduction The end of the Civil War brought profound changes to the United States. Reconstruction changed some things, but it did little regarding social equality and political turmoil. In the end, the government established black suffrage, but this reform proved insufficient to remake the South or to guarantee human rights. II. Wartime Reconstruction A. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan Lincoln planned for a swift and moderate Reconstruction process.Under his 10 Percent Plan, he proposed that as soon as 10 percent of the voting population in the 1860 election took an oath and established a government, it would be recognized. Replaced majority with loyal rule, promised pardons to ex-confeds B. Congress and the Wade-Davis Bill Congress was not happy Lincoln didn’t consult them. Responding negatively to Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, Thaddeus Stevens advocated a â€Å"conquered province† th eory, the South waged war as a foreign nation, thus, they should be treated like one, and Charles Sumner advanced a â€Å"state suicide† theory.In July 1864, Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill by which the process of readmission to the Union was to be harsh and slow. Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill. Wade-David Bill- To reenter the Union 1. A majority of white males had to participate in government 2. To vote or be a delegate in Constitutional conventions they had to take an ironclad (oath saying they never supported the confederacy) 3. All ranks above Lieutenant couldn’t become citizens of the United States C. Thirteenth Amendment and the Freedmen’s Bureau Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865.On March 3, 1865, Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to aid southern refugees- provided food, medical services, schooling, and jobs for refugees. Petitions were started by women and the public, the amendment outlaw ed involuntary slavery and said the govn’t couldn’t change it The landscape was in ruins along with the economy, many families faced starvation III. The Meanings of Freedom A. The Feel of Freedom Many former slaves began to explore freedom by searching for family members or exercising their right of mobility. Others reacted more cautiously.Most settled as workers on their former farms or plantation but attempted to control the conditions of their labor. B. Reunion of African American Families Relying on the black community in the South, thousands of former slaves began odysseys to find family members. Ads were put in the papers. C. Blacks’ Search for Independence Many blacks tried to avoid contact with overbearing whites by abandoning their slave quarters and relocating their houses. Some even established all-black settlements. They wanted the sense of freedom D. African Americans’ Desire for LandNext to freedom, blacks wanted land most of all. Since they could not secure solid support in the North, however, few obtained their dream of independence. Blacks were given land but President Johnson took it away and gave it back to the Whites. They wanted a secure promise the land would still be theirs after they cultivated it E. The Black Embrace of Education Many African Americans eagerly sought an education. They paid $1-1. 50 a month for education if needed. They really wanted to learn. Federal aid and northern charity helped start thousands of schools for freedmen in the South.Many black leaders were very well educated; they established many universities and colleges alongside the whites. F. Growth of Black Churches In an effort to gain more independence from whites, African Americans established their own churches, which became the social center of their new freedom. Black establishments used to be hidden; now they could freely worship. The church was the wealthiest institution in Black life. G. Rise of the Sharecropping System Blac ks could not get credit, and sharecropping became widespread.Sharecropping was where the landowner would receive payment by the crop grown on their land, usually half would be given to them and the other half would be for the black farmer. Owners often cheated their tenants. The main crop was cotton which lost its value IV. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan A. Who Was Andrew Johnson? Johnson was the only senator from a seceded state (Tennessee) who refused to follow his state out of the Union. At heart he was really a Jacksonian Democrat, not a Republican. He believed in limited government and was a white supremacist. As a senator he favored the small farmers over the aristocrats. B.Johnson’s Leniency and Racial Views Johnson’s belief that black suffrage could never be imposed on a southern state by the federal government put him on a collision course with the Radical Republicans. C. Johnson’s Pardon Policy Johnson hoped to keep prewar leaders from participat ing in the Reconstructed South. Nevertheless, he ended up pardoning most of them and thus restored the old elite. People had to apply directly to Johnson for pardoning. He appointed his own governors to keep the old ones out of power. Only southerners who took the oath of loyalty could vote for or against reconstruction so there was little opposition in the votes.Unpardoned men and former slave couldn’t vote. Many former elites were returned into power, even the VP of the confederacy D. Black Codes Johnson’s pardons upset many Republicans, but the discriminatory black codes revealed the depth of southern defiance. Blacks had to abide by the rules of their landowners, almost returning them to their slave status. V. The Congressional Reconstruction Plan Congress had the power of admission of states. They believed they had the right to change and alter the reconstruction plans. What was the relationship between the South and Union now that the war happened?Conservatives b elieved that the South was conquered and it was subject to the rule of the conquering country. A. The Radicals The Radicals wanted to transform the South, and they were willing to exclude it from the Union until they had achieved their goal. By refusing to work with conservative and moderate Republicans, Johnson and the Democrats forced them to work with the Radicals. B. Congress Wrests Control from Johnson Congress worked to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau and to pass a civil rights law counteracting the black codes. Johnson vetoed these bills, ending hopes of compromise.This showed Johnson’s own racism against colored people C. The Fourteenth Amendment This amendment gave citizenship to freedmen, prohibited states from interfering with constitutional rights, declared the Confederate war debt null and void, barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office, and punished any state that restricted extension of the right to vote to black men. This was a major move in African American rights. It excluded women altogether in the right to vote and gained much protest from women’s rights groups. D. The South’s and Johnson’s Defiance, 1866At the urging of President Johnson, all southern states except Tennessee rejected the Fourteenth Amendment. Having won overwhelmingly in the 1866 congressional elections, Republicans decided to form new southern state governments. Johnson personally went and spoke about how Radicals were traitors for taking over reconstruction E. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867-1868 Congress set up five military districts in the South, guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions, required congressional approval of all new state constitutions, and declared that southern states must accept the Fourteenth Amendment.First Reconstruction Act admitted all states back into the Union. F. The Failure of Land Redistribution Thaddeus Stevens (radical) failed to win appro val for his plan to confiscate and redistribute land in the former Confederate states. G. Constitutional Crisis Congress passed a number of controversial laws, including the Tenure of Office Act (gave the senate the power to approve changes in the president’s cabinet), by overriding presidential vetoes. Johnson proceeded to take several belligerent steps, including removal of Secretary of War Stanton and giving power to civil governments and the military.These all got vetoed by Johnson then overridden by a 2/3 vote in congress.. Congressional tyranny? H. Impeachment of President Johnson After Johnson removed Secretary of War Stanton, Congress impeached the president. This had been tried twice before. Although acquitted in the Senate, Johnson suffered politically. I. Election of 1868 Grant, a supporter of congressional Reconstruction and of black suffrage in the South, won the 1868 presidential election against Horatio Seymour. Republicans supported congressional reconstructio n and black suffrage in the South where Democrats supported white supremacy and denounced reconstruction J.Fifteenth Amendment In 1869, Radicals succeeded in passing the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited denying the right to vote based on â€Å"race, color, or previous condition of servitude. † Voting rights of women could still be denied and other tests could be enacted to deny voting to other groups. With this many saw reconstruction as finished. VI. Reconstruction Politics in the South A. White Resistance Whites in the South resisted Reconstruction. Some denied freedom to their slaves, while others prevented blacks from getting land. B.Black Voters and Emergence of a Southern Republican Party Thanks to a large black voter turnout and restrictions on prominent Confederates, a new southern Republican Party controlled the state constitutional conventions of 1868-1870. C. Triumph of Republican Governments Republican victory in the South meant that for the first time black citizens gained political office. Southern Republicans worked to build white support for the party. D. Industrialization Republican governments tried to industrialize the South, but higher taxes for that purpose drew money away from education and other reforms.E. Republican Policies on Racial Equality Economic progress remained uppermost in the minds of most southern blacks. They accepted segregated facilities in return for other opportunities. F. The Myth of â€Å"Negro Rule† Southern Conservatives used economic and social pressure on blacks as well as inflammatory racist propaganda to undermine congressional Reconstruction. G. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags In their propaganda, Conservatives labeled northerners seeking economic opportunity as â€Å"carpetbaggers† and white southerners who supported the Republicans as â€Å"scalawags. H. Tax Policy and Corruption as Political Wedges Although an increase in taxes was necessary just to maintain traditional services, Repub lican tax policies aroused strong opposition. The corruption with which Republicans were charged was often true. I. Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan terrorized black leaders in an effort to curb their support for the Republicans. J. Failure of Reconstruction A number of things brought about the collapse of the Republican regimes, forcing them out of office before they instituted social and economic reforms. VII.Reconstruction Reversed A. Political Implications of Klan Terrorism Congress passed two Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 in an effort to counteract Klan violence. The laws were enforced selectively. Congressional opponents of these laws charged that Congress was infringing on states’ rights. B. The Liberal Republican Revolt Although Grant won reelection in 1872, the revolt of the Liberal Republicans in conjunction with opposition from the Democrats reinforced Grant’s desire to avoid confrontation with white southerners. C. A General AmnestyIn 1872, Congress offere d amnesty to most remaining former Confederates, and in 1875 it offered a watered-down Civil Rights Act that the Supreme Court eventually struck down. D. Reconciliation and Industrial Expansion Both industrialization and immigration surged in the years immediately after the Civil War. Then came the Panic of 1873. E. Greenbacks Versus Sound Money Many Americans wanted to keep â€Å"greenbacks† in circulation, but Grant, along with many Congressmen, industrialists, and financiers, supported sound money. F. Judicial Retreat from ReconstructionSupreme Court decisions, by narrowing the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment and by denying equal rights, encouraged the northern retreat from Reconstruction. G. Disputed Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 The disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden resulted in the Compromise of 1877, effectively ending Reconstruction in the South. H. Betrayal of Black Rights and the Exodusters Tens of thousands of southern African Americans felt betrayed by the election of 1876 and decided to leave the South where they could no longer hope for equal rights.

Descartes Essays (1492 words) - Ren Descartes, Free Essays

Descartes Essays (1492 words) - Ren Descartes, Free Essays Descartes Descartes Meditations Descartes Cogito Ergo Sum (I am, I exist) argument is a complex one. In many ways, he constructs a convincing argument for the existence of the self, and for the process of the thinking being, the essence of that self. In this meditation on his philosophy, Descartes on numerous attempts tries to convince both the readers, as well as himself, of his theory that we must reject all of our present ideas and beliefs and start from nothing. He believes that the only thing that has any certainty at this point is his own existence as a thinking being. Everything else, which he has learned throughout his entire life and believed in, is to be thrown out because it is not known clearly and distinctly. Descartes method and theory on knowledge was well planned and carefully thought out. It is evident that he spent a great deal of time determining the principles that he would use as determinants for judging whether a specific idea was justified and true. In my opinion, there are some flaws contained in Descartes argument. Among these flaws are Descartes apparent determination to prove his theory on his individual existence in the world and the existence of G-d to backup and prove himself and his theories. At the beginning of meditation two, Descartes is stuck in the middle of nothingness. He has nothing, nothing to believe in and everything around him he regards as false. This is because he cannot believe what he has learned and he is also unable to trust his senses due to the fact that they deceive him. He feels like he is drowning in a whirlpool and cannot reach the top and get out nor can he put his feet on the bottom and stand. Everything in the world at this point he has called into doubt, including himself. Everything that he has ever seen, learned or thought is now external from what he deems to be true and he is beginning his knowledge from non-existence. Descartes although is certain of one thing, nothing (but to be certain of nothing is still to be certain of something?). Descartes is a rational thinker and he rationalizes through his studies that nothing in the world is known. He decided to re-start his belief process and call everything he has ever believed in, into doubt. He is debating complex ideas in his head, changing his mind and objectively making decisions, so his existence in a world has to be a certainty. The fact that he is having these thoughts, whether right or wrong proves mental capacity. Descartes then states with certainty Cogito ergo sum (I am, I exist). This is the first accurate idea that Descartes knows with any conviction, he knows that he is a thinking being. Descartes still does not know what he is, he says but what then am I? A thing that thinks. What is that? A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. He is aware of his mental capacity and knows he thinks, deliberates and makes decisions, but he still rejects his body and his senses. O ne major flaw found in Descartes argument is that while critically examining, and then rejecting, mostly everything in the world around him, he maintained that he could prove the existence of G-d, beyond a shadow of a doubt. For thousands of years, people have been trying to prove G-ds existence but he has yet to be successful. It seems to me that Descartes showed a display of arrogance in supposing that he could devise a method of proving the existence of G-d, doing so without a great deal of difficulty. At one point in his discourse on method, Descartes sets out a code of morals, which he plans to abide by. Descartes states that he plans to obey the laws and the customs of my country, constantly holding on to the religion in which, by G-ds grace, I had been instructed from my childhood . It is quite apparent from this passage, that Descartes had accepted and embraced the idea of G-d long before he even began to question it. With this pre-judgement of

After Decades in Institutions, a Bumpy Journey to a New Life by Rachel Article

After Decades in Institutions, a Bumpy Journey to a New Life by Rachel L. Swarns The paper "After Decades in Institutions, a Bumpy Journey to a New Life by Rachel L. Swarns" is an exceptional example of an educational article review. In my mind, Rachel L. Swarns provides a great picture of both the positives and negatives of moving terminally ill patients from state hospitals back into society. While I understand the reason behind it, many older people have lived all their lives in specialized care homes, so they have no knowledge of the outside world. The people that should be moved out of state care could be younger people, say under the age of 30. Patients of this age are more likely to be able to integrate into society because they have more time to do so and have probably only been institutionalized for a few short years. This is not the same case with elder patients, such as Wally Burns, who is 51-years-old. Mr. Burns is at a stage in his life where he will not be able to reintegrate back into the community because he will not know how to handle it. One of the reasons for this is that life is very different from the 60s when Mr. Burns was a young boy. While I can understand why some states are implementing these measures, I feel that the process should be much slower so that time can be taken to help older patients find themselves in society. Patients like Wally Burns require a high level of care, a level of care that may not be met where Mr. Burns will end up.

How music affect the brain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How music affect the brain - Research Paper Example The pitch and rhythm of music are primarily the functions of left brain hemisphere, whereas melody and timbre are mostly processed in the right hemisphere of the brain. The processing of meter takes place in both hemispheres of brain. The spatial-temporal tasks are located in the very brain areas which are stimulated by music. Such spatial-temporal tasks include spatial reasoning required to build structures, and physical objects’ 2-D and 3-D manipulation. Music stimulates the brain areas that are related to spatial reasoning. While this effect usually is only 15 minutes long after the end of music (â€Å"How Music Affects†). The spatial reasoning of an individual is markedly increased while listening to music. Brain’s response to music Music constitutes fragile timing violations. Experience suggests the listeners that music is not threatening. The frontal lobes ultimately identify these violations as a source of pleasure. As a result of this expectation, anticip ation is developed that when met, helps develop the reward reaction. A fundamental characteristic feature of music that differentiates it from other stimuli is its ability to conjure up feelings and images which might not necessarily reflect in the memory directly. A certain kind of mystery still remains in the overall phenomena; the factors explaining the thrill of listening to music are integrally linked with synesthesia based theories. The brain of a new born baby has not differentiated its structure into components meant for the identification and appreciation of various senses. It takes time for the brain to develop this differentiation. As the theory suggests, babies perceive the world as â€Å"a large, pulsing combination of colors and sounds and feelings, all melded into one... The "How music affects the brain" essay outlines how the brain understands and processes it. Music constitutes fragile timing violations. Experience suggests the listeners that music is not threatening. The frontal lobes ultimately identify these violations as a source of pleasure. As a result of this expectation, anticipation is developed that when met, helps develop the reward reaction. A fundamental characteristic feature of music that differentiates it from other stimuli is its ability to conjure up feelings and images which might not necessarily reflect in the memory directly. A certain kind of mystery still remains in the overall phenomena; the factors explaining the thrill of listening to music are integrally linked with synesthesia based theories. The brain of a new born baby has not differentiated its structure into components meant for the identification and appreciation of various senses. It takes time for the brain to develop this differentiation. As the theory suggests, babies perceive the world as â€Å"a large, pulsing combination of colors and sounds and feelings, all melded into one experience – ultimate synesthesia† (Mohana). Different areas of the brain become specialized in the different senses with the development of brain over the passage of time. â€Å"After a year of training, the kids who have been in the music training are better able to synchronize to the beat and to remember the beat† (Kraus cited in Wise). Music improves intelligence, learning, cognition, and motor skills.